Chapter 13 Genetic Engineering Chapter 13 Genetic Engineering Section Review 13-1
What'south Genetic Technology?
Genetic engineering is the process of using technology to modify the genetic makeup of an organism - be it an animal, plant or a bacterium.
This can be achieved by using recombinant DNA (rDNA), or Dna that has been isolated from two or more different organisms and then incorporated into a single molecule, according to the National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI).
Recombinant DNA technology was offset developed in the early 1970s, and the first genetic engineering company, Genentech, was founded in 1976. The visitor isolated the genes for human insulin into E. coli bacteria, which allowed the bacteria to produce human insulin.
After approval by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Genentech produced the first recombinant DNA drug, human insulin, in 1982. The first genetically engineered vaccine for humans was approved by the FDA in 1987 and was for hepatitis B.
Since the 1980s, genetic engineering has been used to produce everything from a more than environmentally friendly lithium-ion battery to infection-resistant crops such as the HoneySweet Plum. These organisms made by genetic engineering, called genetically modified organisms (GMOs), tin can exist bred to be less susceptible to diseases or to withstand specific environmental weather.
Simply critics say that genetic engineering is unsafe. In 1997, a photo of a mouse with what looked like a human ear growing out of its back sparked a backlash confronting using genetic engineering. But the mouse was not the upshot of genetic engineering, and the ear did not contain whatsoever human cells. It was created by implanting a mold made of biodegradable mesh in the shape of a three-twelvemonth-old's ear under the mouse'due south skin, according to the National Science Foundation, in guild to demonstrate one way to produce cartilage tissue in a lab.
While genetic engineering science involves the direct manipulation of one or more genes, Deoxyribonucleic acid tin can also be controlled through selective breeding. Precision convenance, for example, is an organic farming technique that includes monitoring the reproduction of species members so that the resulting offspring have desirable traits.
A recent example of the utilize of precision breeding is the creation of a new blazon of rice. To address the upshot of flooding wiping out rice crops in China, Pamela Ronald, a professor of establish pathology at the University of California-Davis, developed a more alluvion-tolerant strain of rice seed.
Using a wild species of rice that is native to Mali, Ronald identified a cistron, called Sub1, and introduced information technology into normal rice varieties using precision breeding creating rice that tin withstand being submerged in water for 17 days, rather than the usual three.
Calling the new, hardier rice the Xa21 strain, researchers hope to take it join the ranks of other GMOs currently beingness commercially grown worldwide, including herbicide-tolerant or insect-resistant soy, cotton and corn, within the adjacent year, Ronald said. For farmers in People's republic of china, the globe's top producer and consumer of rice, beingness able to harvest enough of the ingather to support their families is literally a matter of life and death.
Because Ronald used precision breeding rather than genetic engineering science, the rice will hopefully meet with credence among critics of genetic engineering science, Ronald said.
"The farmers experienced three to five fold increases in yield due to flood tolerance," Ronald said at a Globe Science Festival presentation in New York. "This rice demonstrates how genetics can be used to improve the lives of impoverished people."
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Source: https://www.livescience.com/32648-whats-genetic-engineering.html
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